Description

This video covers the External Veins of the Head and Face, focusing on the External Jugular Vein and Internal Jugular Vein. Through a detailed schematic, it illustrates their course, tributaries, and drainage.

Introduction:

• The venous system consists of four parts:
  • Veins of the heart
  • Vena Cava Superior
  • Vena Cava Inferior
  • Portal System
• Venous tributaries are smaller veins that drain into larger veins.
• The Superior Vena Cava divides into two Brachiocephalic Veins.
• The Brachiocephalic Vein is formed by the Internal Jugular Vein and the Subclavian Vein.
• The External Jugular Vein empties into the Subclavian Vein.

Veins of the Head:

Internal Jugular Vein (Vena Jugularis Interna)

Drains from the Sigmoid Sinus (Sinus Sigmoideus).

Tributaries:

• Lingual Vein (V. Lingualis):
  • Dorsal Lingual Vein (Vena Dorsalis Linguae)
  • Deep Lingual Vein (Vena Profunda Linguae)
  • Sublingual Vein (Vena Sublingualis)
• Common Facial Vein:
  • Facial Vein (Vena Facialis):
    • Deep Facial Vein (Vena Facialis Profunda) drains into the Pterygoid Plexus (Plexus Pterygoideus).
    • The Pterygoid Plexus continues as the Maxillary Vein (Vena Maxillaris).
    • The Maxillary Vein connects with the Retromandibular Vein (Vena Retromandibularis) to form the Superficial Temporal Vein (Vena Temporalis Superficialis).
    • The Superficial Temporal Vein supplies the parietal and frontal regions.
  • The Anterior Root of the Retromandibular Vein connects with the Posterior Root to form the Retromandibular Vein.

External Jugular Vein (Vena Jugularis Externa)

• Formed by the Posterior Root of the Retromandibular Vein and the Posterior Auricular Vein (Vena Auricularis Posterior).

Occipital Vein (Vena Occipitalis) – Variations:

• May drain into the Posterior Auricular Vein, forming the Posterior Root of the External Jugular Vein.
• May drain directly into the Internal Jugular Vein.

Veins of the Neck:

Mnemonic for Internal Jugular Vein Tributaries: Medical Schools Let Confident People In

• M: Middle Thyroid Vein (Vena Thyroidea Media)
• S: Superior Thyroid Vein (Vena Thyroidea Superior)
• L: Lingual Vein (Vena Lingualis)
• C: Common Facial Vein
• P: Pharyngeal Vein (Vena Pharyngea) – drains the Pharyngeal Plexus
• I: Inferior Petrosal Sinus (Sinus Petrosus Inferior)

Mnemonic for External Jugular Vein Tributaries: PAST

• P: Posterior External Jugular Vein
• A: Anterior Jugular Vein (Vena Jugularis Anterior) – forms the Jugular Venous Arch
• S: Suprascapular Vein (Vena Suprascapularis)
• T: Transverse Cervical Vein (Vv. Transversae Colli)

Clinical Relevance:

• Jugular Venous Distension (JVD): Can indicate increased right atrial pressure, often seen in heart failure.
• Facial Vein Connection with Cavernous Sinus: The Deep Facial Vein connects to the Pterygoid Venous Plexus, which communicates with the Cavernous Sinus, posing a risk for infections spreading from the face to the brain (cavernous sinus thrombosis).
• Internal Jugular Vein Puncture: Common site for central venous catheterization.

Sources Used:

• • Memorix Anatomy (2nd Edition) – Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, Volný Ondřej.
  • Complete Anatomy by 3D4Medical.
  • Biorender.
  • University Notes and Lectures.

Transcript

Introduction
0:00
hello and welcome to another video in
0:01
this video we’re going to look at the
0:03
veins of the head and neck or to be
0:05
specific the external veins of the head
0:08
and the veins of the neck that drain
0:10
directly into the external and the
0:12
internal jugler veins and at the end of
0:15
this video you will find a quiz which
0:17
you will hopefully be able to pass based
0:19
on this video so the veinous system is
0:22
divided into four systems the first one
0:25
is the veins of the heart then there’s
0:27
the veins of the vava superior and the
0:30
veins of the vava inferior and then
0:32
there’s the portal system so our focus
0:35
in this video is going to be up here um
0:38
in The Superficial veins of the head and
0:40
neck which drains into the ven aava
0:42
Superior so as since this is my first
0:45
video of veins I just want to inform you
0:48
that usually when we talk about veins we
0:50
start from the periphery and then into
0:52
the Centrum because that’s how the blood
0:54
flow goes It goes from the heart to
0:57
arteries and then to veins and then to
0:59
back to the heart again but when I
1:02
started studying veins from the
1:04
beginning I found that it was a little
1:07
harder to understand or to visualize the
1:10
veins using starting from the periphery
1:13
and then into the Centrum so what I want
1:15
to do is start from the heart towards
1:17
the periphery the same the same method
1:19
as we use to to study the
1:22
arteries and another thing I want to
1:24
mention when we talk about veins is that
1:26
in arteries we have side branches but in
1:30
veins we usually talk about tributaries
1:33
which means smaller veins which drain
1:35
into larger veins so yeah but I will go
1:39
through it throughout this video now
1:42
just to begin from the heart we have the
1:44
superior venova which going which is
1:47
going to divide into the right bralic
1:50
vein and the left bralic vein now the
1:52
bralic vein are formed by the internal
1:56
jugular vein and the subclavian vein and
2:00
now as the subclavian vein passes below
2:03
the clavicle is going to give off the
2:06
external jugular vein and here I made
2:08
the external jugler vein in yellow to
2:11
really separate these two veins now and
2:14
then the subclavian vein is going to
2:16
continue as the Axel vein but now let’s
2:19
look at the neck and head from this
2:20
perspective in order to to visualize the
2:23
external and the internal jugler vein
2:25
better now the internal jugler vein is
External Veins of the Head
2:28
going to pass uh through the jugler
2:31
foramin and then is going to drain blood
2:34
from the sigmoid sinus and the sigmoid
2:36
sinus is one of the Dural sinuses we
2:39
have in the brain and I’m going to try
2:41
to cover the Dural sinuses in my next
2:44
video but just keep in mind that the the
2:46
Dural sinuses the sigmo sinus is one of
2:48
the Dural sinus that drain blood from
2:50
the brain and they lie in the in the two
2:53
layers of the
2:54
dur um the external jugler however is
2:58
going to divide into the the posterior
3:01
arular vein and the posterior root of
3:04
the retromandibular vein retromandibular
3:06
vein is going to become more logical
3:08
later now the first vein that drains
3:12
directly into the internal jugler vein
3:14
is the lingual vein uh the lingual vein
3:17
is going to receive blood from three
3:19
different veins the first one is the
3:22
Deep lingual vein and then we have the
3:25
dorsal lingual vein and then we have the
3:28
sublingual vein which blood from the
3:30
sublingual gland then there’s the common
3:33
facial vein which is formed by two
3:36
different veins and these are the facial
3:40
vein as you see here and the anterior
3:43
root of the retromandibular vein now the
3:46
anterior root of the retromandibular
3:48
vein and the posterior root of the
3:50
retromandibular vein are going to go
3:52
together and form the retromandibular
3:56
vein when we talk about the facial vein
3:59
however
4:00
um this one is going to just like the
4:02
just like the facial artery the facial
4:04
veins going to supply the facial region
4:07
with blood and that’s mostly all the
4:09
superficial structures you find in the
4:11
anterior part of the face like the
4:13
eyelids the lips you know the the
4:16
masticatory muscles the masor muscle the
4:19
pared glands and and so on that’s all
4:22
the structures the facial veins going to
4:24
supply but one important tributary one
4:27
important um vein that’s going to drain
4:31
into the facial vein is the Deep facial
4:34
vein and the Deep facial vein is going
4:37
to go towards the infratemporal fossa
4:40
you know between the uh medial and
4:42
lateral teroid muscles and then form
4:45
this plexus called the PID plexus which
4:47
is going to to supply a lot of
4:50
structures in that region um if you
4:53
remember the the maxillary archery all
4:56
the structures the maxillary archery is
4:57
going to supply the the pgo plexus is is
5:01
the kind of the vein veinous version of
5:03
of the maxillary artery uh the teroid
5:06
plexus is is going to supply you know
5:09
it’s going to supply the teeth it’s
5:11
going to supply the mastication muscles
5:13
the pared gland uh the temporo
5:16
mandibular articulation and you know so
5:18
on nasal cavity Etc and the internal
5:21
structures of the ear for example and
5:23
then it’s going to continue posteriorly
5:25
as the maxillary vein now the maxillary
5:28
vein is going to connect Conn with the
5:30
rrand vein and form the superficial
5:34
temporal vein now the superficial
5:37
temporal vein is going to supply the
5:40
pyal and the frontal region uh with
5:44
blood now the last vein of the blood
5:47
supply of the head the superficial blood
5:49
supply of the head is the occipital vein
5:52
now I’ve put the occipital vein a little
5:55
to the side as a variation because as I
5:58
was making this video I found out that
6:00
different sources write that the
6:03
occipital vein drains into different
6:05
places so One Source I found said that
6:08
the occipital vein drains directly into
6:11
the posterior arular vein meaning that
6:14
when the posterior arular vein and the
6:16
occipital vein connect they form the
6:18
posterior root of the external jugler
6:21
vein so that’s one variation of the
6:24
occipital vein another variation is that
6:26
the occipital vein can drain directly
6:28
into the internal nuc vein now there are
6:31
a couple of other variations I found
6:32
also but uh just remember this vein can
6:35
vary and along with many other veins as
6:37
well so that was all for The Superficial
6:40
Venus supply of the head now let’s do
Internal Jugular Vein
6:43
the Venus supply of the neck and what I
6:46
want to do is mention the veins that
6:49
drain directly into the internal juglar
6:52
vein and the veins that drain directly
6:55
into the external jugular vein and the
6:57
veins that drain directly into the
6:59
internal jugler vein uh we can arrange
7:01
them using this pneumonic that I found
7:03
in the internet it goes like this
7:05
medical schools let confident people in
7:08
and the first two uh are associated with
7:11
the thyroid glands so let’s go ahead and
7:13
add that so the first one is the middle
7:16
thyroid vein which drains the middle
7:18
part of the thyroid gland then we have
7:20
the superior thyroid vein which drains
7:23
the Superior part of the thyroid gland
7:26
then the L and C stand for the lingual
7:29
and the Comm facial vein then P stands
7:32
for the Fingal vein which goes towards
7:35
the fings and form this uh plexus the
7:38
fenial plexus as you see in this picture
7:42
now the next one I stands for the
7:45
inferior petal sinus now the inferior
7:48
petal sinus as I mentioned earlier when
7:50
I talked about the sigmoid sinus the
7:52
inferior petal sinus is one of the Dural
7:54
sinus that’s also going to drain
7:56
structures within the brain so the
7:58
inferior pet sinus is going to drain
8:01
blood from the cavos sinus and then
8:03
directly into the internal jugler vein
8:06
and so the inferior patal sinus is going
8:08
to drain into the internal jugular vein
8:11
within the cranial cavity so after the
8:15
uh internal jugler vein goes through the
8:17
jugler
8:19
fen so that’s that one another vein I
8:23
found is the stoc vein which drains
8:27
blood from the stoc muscle and then
8:29
directly into the internal JC vein some
8:32
sources might might not even mention the
8:34
St Cloud muscle vein and some some
8:36
sources might do but keep that also in
8:39
mind then when we talk about the
8:41
external juglar vein there are four
8:44
veins that drain directly into the
8:46
external juglar vein and to do that we
8:49
use pasts P is for the posterior
External Jugular Vein
8:53
external jugular vein which drains
8:56
mostly muscles and the skin of the neck
8:59
and the occipital region then a stands
9:02
for the anterior jugular vein the
9:05
anterior juglar vein is going to go
9:07
anteriorly and Supply the muscles and
9:09
the skin on the anterior surface of the
9:12
neck and as it ascends is going to
9:14
communicate with the other anterior
9:17
jugular vein on the other side and that
9:19
connection is called the jugular venous
9:21
Arch which um helps with a nice
9:24
collateral blood flow in case there’s
9:26
any um occlusion for example
9:30
uh then s stands for the suprascapular
9:33
vein and the Supras scaper vein is going
9:35
to go towards the um scapula and Supply
9:39
the muscles of the scapa then lastly
9:42
there’s the transverse cervical vein
9:44
which is going to go along the neck and
9:46
Supply The Superficial muscles of the
9:48
back and also deep muscles of the uh of
9:51
the neck
9:52
region so that’s it that’s all the veins
Quiz
9:56
I wanted to cover now I made this table
9:59
that covers all the veins I just went
10:01
through along with structures that they
10:03
drain now this is where this video gets
10:06
scary I am going to make all of these
10:09
names disappear and can you you know
10:12
from the beginning tell me what is the
10:14
name of number one what is the name of
10:16
the vein of number two what does number
10:19
three drain and what does number four
10:20
drain if you can do that then I’ve
10:23
managed to help you with this topic
10:25
successfully um until next time