Bones of the Upper Limb

📅 Last Updated: 05.05.2026
🔄 Version: 1.0

This PDF covers the bones of the upper limb, including the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus, ulna, radius, and the bones of the hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges). It explains bone structure, anatomical landmarks, articulations, and regional organization of the upper limb skeleton.

Carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges are presented with their arrangement and functional roles in hand movement and grip. The content is shown in a clear visual format for efficient understanding of upper limb osteology.

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📖 Sources:

  • Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.)
  • Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Loukas M. (2016).
  • Bergman’s Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. White TD, Folkens PA. (2005). The Human Bone Manual.
  • Kozlowski, T. Memorix Anatomy (2nd ed.)