Central Nervous System Overview

Central Nervous System Overview (Pars, Neurons, Neuroglia, White & Grey Matter, Development) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Members Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Members Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 CNS Overview – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 What are the three parts of the brainstem? A) Diencephalon, midbrain B) Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain C) Telencephalon, medulla D) Cerebellum, midbrain The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. 2 / 10 Which spinal cord region is primarily involved in autonomic functions? A) Thoracic region B) Cervical region C) Lumbar region D) Sacral region The thoracic region of the spinal cord houses autonomic nuclei for sympathetic outflow. 3 / 10 Which layer of the meninges is directly in contact with the brain? A) Pia mater B) Subarachnoid space C) Dura mater D) Arachnoid mater The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges, adhering closely to the brain’s surface. 4 / 10 Which neuroglia type is responsible for lining the ventricles of the brain? A) Ependymal cells B) Oligodendrocytes C) Microglia D) Astrocytes Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal, facilitating cerebrospinal fluid production and movement. 5 / 10 During CNS development, which vesicle forms the thalamus? A) Rhombencephalon B) Myelencephalon C) Diencephalon D) Mesencephalon The thalamus develops from the diencephalon. 6 / 10 Which structure controls basic autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate? A) Medulla oblongata B) Midbrain C) Cerebellum D) Pons The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate. 7 / 10 Which type of neuron is responsible for motor output from the CNS? A) Efferent neurons B) Bipolar neurons C) Interneurons D) Afferent neurons Efferent (motor) neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands. 8 / 10 What is the primary role of astrocytes in the CNS? A) CSF production B) Immune response C) Myelination D) Blood-brain barrier Astrocytes provide mechanical support and help form the blood-brain barrier. 9 / 10 What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS? A) Myelination B) Immune response C) Supporting capillaries D) Producing CSF Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming myelin sheaths around CNS axons. 10 / 10 During which embryonic week does the CNS divide into its main vesicles? A) Week 4 B) Week 5 C) Week 6 D) Week 3 The CNS divides into its main vesicles during week 4 of embryonic development. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Central Nervous System Parts: The Brain (Encephalon) Medulla Oblongata Pons Mesencephalon Cerebellum Diencephalon Telencephalon Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis) Neurons: Neurons form Nerve Tissue Dendrites Cell body (nucleus) Axons Axon Terminal CNS: Oligodendrocytes PNS: Schwann Cells Myelin Sheath Histology: Granules, demarcation between axon and body Multipolar Neuron Pseudounipolar Neuron Bipolar Neuron Neuron Function: Afferent (Sensory) Nerve Interneuron Efferent (Motor) Nerve Neuroglia: Give mechanical support and provide nutrients Astrocytes form the Blood-Brain Barrier Oligodendrocytes (myelination) Microglia (Immune Cells) Ependymal Cells (Lines cavities in the brain and spinal cord) Distribution of White and Grey Matter in the CNS: Grey Matter (Rich in Nerve body and Dendrites) White Matter (Myelinated Axons) Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord Grey matter in centrum and white matter around Cross Sections of the Brain Grey matter in cortex and in the middle, white matter in between Nerve Tracts (Tractus Nervosi): Bundle of axons that connect gray matter to gray matter Classification: Association Fibers Commissural Fibers Projection Fibers Classification: Ascending Tracts Descending Tracts Indirect Tracts Development of Central Nervous System: Week 4 after fertilization Spinal Cord Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Prosencephalon (Forebrain) Week 5 after fertilization Spinal Cord Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Diencephalon Telencephalon Sources used in this video: Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, Volný Ondřej Biorender University notes and lectures Transcript Introduction0:03What up. Meditay here. Let’s talk about the anatomy of the Central Nervous System.0:08In this segment, we will go through the base in understanding how the anatomy of the CNS is built.0:14And to do that, we’ll first go through the Parts of the CNS, then we’re going to go through the0:20microscopic structures of the central nervous system, basically understand what Neurons and0:23Neuroglia are and how they’re distributed in the CNS. After that, we’ll be talking about0:29the distribution of white and grey matter and talk about nerve tracts. And then end by talking0:34about the general nervous system development. Alright, so the central nervous system consistsParts of the Central Nervous System0:39of two main parts. There’s the Encephalon or the brain. And then the Spinal Cord.0:45But the brain is also divided into functionally different parts,0:49so if we look here, we have the spinal cord. And then, above the spinal cord,0:53we’ll find a structure called the brainstem And the brainstem consists of the Medulla,0:57or Medulla Oblongata, The Pons, and the Mesencephalon. Behind the brainstem,1:03we’ll find the Cerebellum, which is an essential part of the brain for muscle memory. Above that,1:08there’s the Diencephalon, which’s the area you’ll find the hypothalamus. And then we have the1:14Telencephalon, which is what we call the highest order in our brain where our personality is.1:20And so the way all of this works is that Nerves pass signals towards the higher senses of the1:25brain, then there are nerves that interpret the signals, which then generate an impulse, basically1:30activating neurons that send signals towards a muscle or an organ to activate a response.Neurons1:36And so I say neurons because that’s the primary type of cells in our Nervous System. If we take1:42a segment of the spinal cord and look at it underneath a microscope, you’ll see1:46that they’re composed of nerve tissue. And if we take a small segment of the nerve tissue,1:51you’ll find a lot of these cells we call a Neuron. Let’s talk about the neuron a little bit. Here1:57you see a simple animated neuron. They consist of Dendrites. Dendrites are what receive signals and2:03send them