Description

This video covers the muscles of the foot, including their origins, insertions, and functions.

Muscles of the Foot

• Dorsal Group [2]
• Medial Group [3]
• Lateral Group [3]
• Middle Group [2]
• Interossei [2]
• Lumbricals [1]

Dorsal Group [2]

Extensors of the toes, innervated by the deep fibular nerve.

Extensor Digitorum Brevis (Musculus Extensor Digitorum Brevis)

• Origin: Calcaneus
• Insertion: Tendons of Extensor Digitorum Longus (2nd, 3rd, 4th Toes)
• Function: Extension of 2nd-4th Toes

Extensor Hallucis Brevis (Musculus Extensor Hallucis Brevis)

• Origin: Calcaneus
• Insertion: Tendons of Extensor Hallucis Longus
• Function: Extension of Big Toe

Medial Group [3]

Innervated by the Tibial Nerve.

Adductor Hallucis (Musculus Adductor Hallucis)

• Oblique Head
  • Origin: Base of 2nd – 4th Metatarsal, Cuboid Bone, Lateral Cuneiform
• Transverse Head
  • Origin: 3rd – 5th Metatarsophalangeal Joints
• Insertion: Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Big Toe
• Function: Adduction + Flexion of Big Toe

Flexor Hallucis Brevis (Musculus Flexor Hallucis Brevis)

• Origin: Medial Cuneiform, Long Plantar Ligament
• Insertion: Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Big Toe
• Function: Flexion of the Big Toe

Abductor Hallucis (Musculus Abductor Hallucis)

• Origin: Calcaneal Tuberosity (Tuber Calcanei)
• Insertion: Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Big Toe
• Function: Abduction + Flexion of the Big Toe

Lateral Group [3]

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Musculus Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis)

• Origin: Base of the 5th Metatarsal, Long Plantar Ligament
• Insertion: Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Little Toe
• Function: Flexion of the Little Toe

Opponens Digiti Minimi (Musculus Opponens Digiti Minimi)

• Origin: Base of the 5th Metatarsal, Long Plantar Ligament
• Insertion: Lateral Surface of the 5th Metatarsal
• Function: Adduction + Opposition of Little Toe

Abductor Digiti Minimi (Musculus Abductor Digiti Minimi)

• Origin: Calcaneal Tuberosity, Base of the 5th Metatarsal
• Insertion: Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Little Toe
• Function: Abduction + Flexion of Little Toe

Middle Group [2]

Maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot. Innervated by the lateral and medial plantar nerves.

Flexor Digitorum Brevis (Musculus Flexor Digitorum Brevis)

• Origin: Calcaneal Tuberosity, Plantar Aponeurosis
• Insertion: Base of the Middle Phalanx of the 2nd – 5th Toes
• Function: Flexion of 2nd – 5th Toes at the Middle and Proximal Phalanx

Quadratus Plantae (Musculus Quadratus Plantae)

• Origin: Calcaneal Tuberosity, Long Plantar Ligament
• Insertion: Tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Function: Participates in Flexion of Toes

Interossei [2]

Plantar Interossei (Musculi Interossei Plantares)

• Origin: Metatarsal Bones of 3rd – 5th Toe (Tibial Side)
• Insertion: Proximal Phalanx of 3rd – 5th Toes (Medial Side)
• Function:
  • Adduction of Toes (towards the 2nd Toe)
  • Assist with Flexion of Toes

Dorsal Interossei (Musculi Interossei Dorsales)

• Origin: Metatarsal Bones of 1st – 5th Toe
• Insertion: Proximal Phalanx of 2nd – 4th Toes
• Function:
  • Abduction of Toes (away from the 2nd Toe)

Lumbricals [1]

Lumbricals (Musculi Lumbricales Pedis)

• Origin: Tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Insertion:
  • Base of Proximal Phalanges of the 2nd-5th Toe (Medial Side)
  • Extensor Tendons of the 4 Lateral Toes
• Function:
  • Flexion of Proximal Phalanges
  • Extension of Middle and Distal Phalanges

Transcript

Introduction
0:01
What’s up.
0:04
Meditay here and in this video, we’ll be covering the muscles of the foot.
0:07
Alright.
0:08
So, the muscles of the lower limb are divided into 4 parts according to their anatomical
0:12
location.
0:13
The first group are muscles of the Hip Joint.
0:16
Then we have the muscles of the Thigh, muscles of the Leg and then the muscles of the Foot.
Division of the Foot Muscles
0:20
So again, the muscles of the Foot are what we’re going to focus on in this video.
0:24
And they’re divided into several groups based on their anatomical location.
0:28
First we have the Dorsal group, consisting of 2 muscles.
0:31
Then we have a medial group of 3 muscles, Lateral group of 3 muscles and a middle group
0:36
of 2 muscles.
0:37
Then between the metatarsals, there are the interossei muscles both dorsal and plantar,
0:42
and the lumbricals So we’re going to cover all of these muscles,
Dorsal Group
0:46
and we’ll start with the dorsal group.
0:48
Aright.
0:49
The dorsal group of the foot are the ones we call the extensors of the toes, because
0:53
they cause extension of the toes basically.
0:56
And they’re all innervated by the deep fibular nerve.
0:58
Aight, so here’s the dorsal view of the foot.
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
1:01
The first muscle is called extensor digitorum brevis.
1:05
Which look like this.
1:06
It originates from the Calcaneus of the foot, and it inserts at the tendons of the extensor
1:11
digitorum longus.
1:12
At the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes.
1:15
So it’s function is extension of the 2nd to 4th toe, as you see here.
1:19
So that’s this one.
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
1:21
Then we have the Extensor Hallucis Brevis.
1:23
Which look like this.
1:24
It originates from the calcaneus and inserts at the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus.
1:30
Its function is extension of the big toe, pulling it this direction.
1:34
So that was all the muscles of the dorsal group.
1:37
Extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis.
Medial Group
1:40
Now let’s do the medial group of the foot.
1:43
So let’s look at it medially.
1:45
All of these muscles are innervated by the tibialis nerve.
1:48
So the first muscle is the Adductor Hallucis, as you see here.
Adductor Hallucis
1:51
It consists of the oblique head, which originates at the base of the 2nd to 4th metatarsals,
1:56
the cuboid bone and the lateral cuneiform bone.
1:59
The other head is the Transverse Head, which originate at the 3rd to 4th metatarsophalangeal
2:06
Joints.
2:07
Both of them insert at the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe.
2:11
Now this muscle is called adductor Hallucis, so the function of it is to adduct the big
2:16
to, as well as flexing it.
2:18
So that’s this one.
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
2:20
Then we have the Flexor Hallucis Brevis.
2:21
The flexor hallucis brevis Look like this.
2:24
It originates from the medial cuneiform, as well as from a ligament called the Long plantar
2:29
ligament, which look like this.
2:31
It’s a long ligament that connects the calcaneus with the cuboidal bone, mainly.
2:36
And then it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe.
2:40
Its function is flexion of the big toe.
Abductor Hallucis
2:42
Pulling it this way.
2:44
Then there’s the Abductor Hallucis.
2:46
Which is here.
2:47
This muscle originates from the calcaneal tuberosity, and then inserts at the base of
2:51
the proximal phalanx of the big toe.
2:53
Its function is adduction, as well as flexion of the toe.
2:58
So that’s the medial group.
3:00
Now let’s cover the lateral group.
Lateral Group – Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
3:02
Which is on the other side, as you see here.
3:05
The first one is the flexor digiti minimi brevis.
3:08
Which is this one.
3:10
It originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal, as well as from the long plantar ligament.
3:15
It inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe.
3:18
And its function is flexion of the little toe.
3:21
That’s that one.
Opponens Digiti Minimi
3:22
Then we have a muscle called Opponens Digiti Minimi, which is a tiny muscle going underneath
3:28
the tendon of the flexor digiti minimi brevis, as you see here.
3:31
This muscle originates from the base of the 5th metatarsal bone, as well as from the long
3:36
plantar ligament.
3:37
And it inserts at the lateral surface of the 5th metatarsal bone.
3:41
Its function is adduction and opposition of the little toe.
3:44
Basically, pulling it towards the big toe.
3:47
So that’s that one.
Abductor Digiti Minimi
3:48
The last one of this group is the abductor digiti minimi.
3:52
Which is this large muscle here.
3:54
It originates from the calcaneal tuberosity, and at the base of the 5th metatarsal bone.
3:59
Then it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
4:03
Its function is abduction and flexion of the little toe.
4:06
So that was the lateral group of the foot.
4:09
Now let’s cover the muscles of the middle group.
Middle Group
4:12
One thing all of these muscles have in common, is that they maintain the longitudinal arch
4:17
of the foot.
4:18
And they’re all innervated by the lateral and medial plantar nerves.
4:22
Aight.
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
4:23
The first one is the flexor digitorum brevis.
4:25
Which is this one.
4:26
It originates from the calcaneal tuberosity, as you see here.
4:30
As well as from the plantar aponeurosis, which is this plantar ligament that is a part of
4:33
the fascia of the foot.
4:35
The flexor digitorum brevis then inserts at the base of the middle phalanx of the 2nd
4:40
to 5th toes, and the function of this muscle is flexion of the 2nd to 5th toe at the middle
4:46
and proximal phalanx.
4:47
As you see here.
4:48
So that’s this one.
Quadratus Plantae
4:50
Then we have the Quadratus Plantae, which is located underneath the flexor digitorum
4:54
brevis, as you see here.
4:56
It originates from the calcaneal tuberosity and the long plantar ligament.
5:00
It inserts at the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and is therefore going to participate
5:06
in flexion of the toes.
5:08
So that is the middle group.
5:10
Now let’s talk about the interossei Muscles.
Plantar Interossei
5:12
There’s a Plantar interossei and a dorsal interossei, we’ll start with the Plantar
5:17
interossei first.
5:19
The Plantar interossei are three muscles located in the 2nd to 4th interosseous space between
5:24
the metatarsals, as you see here.
5:26
So, we’ve removed and faded a couple of structures to see them better.
5:31
These muscles originate from the tibial side of the 3rd to the 5th toe.
5:35
At they inserts at the medial side of the 3rd to 5th toes
5:40
When these muscle fibers contract, they Adduct the toes, basically pulling the 3rd 4rd and
5:45
5th toes towards the 2nd toe, as you see here.
5:48
And they also assist with flexion of the toes.
5:51
So that’s this one.
Dorsal Interossei
5:53
Then we have the dorsal interossei muscles.
5:55
There are four dorsal interossei muscles located in the 1st to 4th interosseous spaces between
6:01
the metatarsals.
6:02
As you see here.
6:03
They originate between the metatarsals of the 1st to 5th toes, and they insert at the
6:08
proximal phalanx of the 2nd to 4th toe.
6:12
When these muscle fibers contract, they abduct the toes, as you see here.
6:17
Pulling them away from the 2nd toe.
6:19
Awesome, so that’s these two.
Lumbricals
6:22
Then we have a system of muscles called the lumbricals.
6:26
Which are here.
6:27
These are four muscles that correspond to the 2nd to the 5th toes.
6:31
They all originate from the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, and they insert at
6:36
the base of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th toes on the medial side.
6:41
They also insert at the extensor tendons of the 4 lateral toes.
6:45
The lumbricals are actually a very practical muscle to have, because they give our toes
6:50
the possibility to flex the proximal phalanges, while extending the middle and distal phalanges
6:55
of the toes.
6:56
Basically, they help you grab stuff with your toes.
6:57
So that was the lumbricals And that was all the muscles of the foot.