Lower Limb Bones

📅 Last Updated: 05.05.2026
🔄 Version: 1.0

This PDF covers the bones of the lower limb, including the pelvic girdle (hip bone and sacrum) and the free lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. It explains the structure of the hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum, and obturator foramen, as well as detailed landmarks of the femur, tibia, and fibula.

The foot is presented with tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms), metatarsals, and phalanges, including their arrangement and role in weight bearing and arches of the foot. The content is shown in a clear visual format for understanding lower limb bone anatomy.

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📖 Sources:

  • Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy (2nd ed.)
  • Standring, S. (2020). Gray’s Anatomy (42nd ed.)
  • Tubbs, R. S., Shoja, M. M., & Loukas, M. (2016). Bergman’s Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation
  • White, T. D., & Folkens, P. A. (2005). The Human Bone Manual