Esophagus

Esophagus (Parts, Curvatures, Constrictions, Layers) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Esophagus – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which condition is associated with esophageal varices? A) Hiatal Hernia B) Achalasia C) GERD D) Portal Hypertension Esophageal varices are dilated veins in the lower esophagus due to portal hypertension, often associated with liver disease. 2 / 10 What is the function of the esophageal cardiac glands? A) Facilitate Digestion B) Produce Enzymes C) Increase Peristalsis D) Protect Against Gastric Reflux Esophageal cardiac glands secrete mucus to protect the esophagus from gastric reflux. 3 / 10 What is the primary function of the esophagus? A) Hormonal Regulation B) Digestion of Proteins C) Transport Food D) Absorption of Nutrients The esophagus transports food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach via peristaltic contractions. 4 / 10 What type of muscle fibers dominate the middle third of the esophagus? A) Cardiac Muscle B) Skeletal Muscle C) Smooth Muscle D) Mixed Skeletal and Smooth The middle third of the esophagus contains a mix of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. 5 / 10 What is the histological characteristic of the esophageal submucosa? A) Dense Connective Tissue B) Smooth Muscle C) Elastic Tissue D) Loose Connective Tissue with Glands The esophageal submucosa contains loose connective tissue and esophageal glands. 6 / 10 What is the primary innervation of the esophagus? A) Vagus Nerve B) Accessory Nerve C) Hypoglossal Nerve D) Phrenic Nerve The esophagus is primarily innervated by the esophageal plexus, formed by the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk. 7 / 10 What is the function of the tunica muscularis in the esophagus? A) Absorbs Nutrients B) Secretes Mucus C) Supports Lamina Mucosa D) Generates Peristalsis The tunica muscularis generates peristaltic waves to propel food into the stomach. 8 / 10 Which nerve primarily controls the peristalsis of the esophagus? A) Vagus Nerve B) Sympathetic Nerve C) Hypoglossal Nerve D) Phrenic Nerve The vagus nerve controls the peristalsis of the esophagus via the esophageal plexus. 9 / 10 What condition is caused by dysfunction of the LES? A) Barrett's Esophagus B) GERD C) Achalasia D) Esophageal Cancer Dysfunction of the LES leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 10 / 10 What is the physiological function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)? A) Prevent Backflow B) Absorb Stomach Acid C) Promote Backflow D) Facilitate Peristalsis The LES prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, protecting against acid reflux. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Esophagus: Length: ~25 cm Located between the pharynx and the stomach Divided into three parts: Cervical Part (Pars Cervicalis) Thoracic Part (Pars Thoracica) Abdominal Part (Pars Abdominalis) Parts of the Esophagus: Cervical Part: Begins at the Pharyngeal Opening into Esophagus (Ostium Oesophageum) Ends at the Superior Thoracic Aperture (Apertura Thoracica Superior) Thoracic Part: Starts at the Superior Thoracic Aperture (Apertura Thoracica Superior) Ends at the Esophageal Hiatus (Hiatus Oesophageus Diaphragmatis) Abdominal Part: Begins at the Esophageal Hiatus (Hiatus Oesophageus Diaphragmatis) Ends at the Cardiac Orifice (Ostium Cardiacum Gastrici) Curvatures of the Esophagus: Curves to the left at the beginning (Cervical Part) Curves to the right at the middle (Thoracic Part) Curves to the left above the diaphragm Constrictions of the Esophagus: Anatomical Constrictions: Pharyngoesophageal Constriction Bronchoaortic Constriction Diaphragmatic Constriction Physiological Constrictions: At the level of T8-T9 At the level of T11 (Lower Esophageal Sphincter) Layers of the Esophageal Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium Contains mucous glands and vasculature Includes Lamina Muscularis Mucosa Tela Submucosa: Loose connective tissue Contains esophageal glands and esophageal cardiac glands Tunica Muscularis: Inner circular muscle fibers Outer longitudinal muscle fibers Muscle composition: Upper 1/3: Skeletal muscle Middle 1/3: Mixed skeletal and smooth muscle Lower 1/3: Smooth muscle Tunica Adventitia & Tunica Serosa: Tunica Adventitia: Covers the esophagus in the thoracic part Tunica Serosa: Present in the abdominal part Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej Biorender University Notes and Lectures Transcript Introduction0:00What’s up. Meditay here, and in this video, we’re gonna go through the anatomy of the Esophagus.0:04So in the last video, we went through the anatomy of the Pharynx. Now the step after0:09the Pharynx is the Esophagus, as you see here. So in this video, we’re first going to look at the0:14parts of the Esophagus. After that, look at the curvatures and the constrictions of the esophagus.0:20Then we’re gonna go through the layers of the esophageal wall through a histology slide.0:24Cool, let’s start by looking at an anterior view of the Esophagus. The esophagus lies between theParts of the Esophagus0:31Pharynx, and the stomach as you see here. The length of the esophagus varies a lot, but in0:36average It should be approximately 25 cm long. Now. The esophagus is divided into three parts0:42according to their anatomical location. First we have the cervical part, which lies in the neck.0:48Then we have the Thoracic Part, which lies in the thoracic cavity. And then we have the Abdominal0:52Part, which lies in the abdominal cavity. So these are the three parts of the esophagus,0:58let’s go through where each of them start and end. The cervical part starts from the pharynx.1:03So remember the Pharynx has two openings. There’s the Laryngeal Inlet, which leads into the Larynx.1:08And there’s the Pharyngeal Opening into the Esophagus, or Ostium esophageum, which is1:13going to be the start of the cervical part of the esophagus. And the cervical part ends just1:18before it enters the thoracic cavity through the superior thoracic aperture, or the upper opening1:24of the ribcage. So the cervical part starts at the Pharyngeal opening into he esophagus,1:30and ends at the Superiro thoracic aperture. After the cervical part is the thoracic part.1:36And this one is going to start at the superior thoracic aperture and go all the way

Salivary Glands & Saliva

Salivary Glands & Saliva (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Salivary Glands – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which glands are located within the labial mucosa? A) Palatine Glands B) Buccal Glands C) Labial Glands D) Lingual Glands Labial glands are minor salivary glands located in the labial mucosa. 2 / 10 Which glands are located on the tongue? A) Palatine Glands B) Lingual Glands C) Buccal Glands D) Sublingual Glands Lingual glands, such as von Ebner’s glands, are located on the tongue. 3 / 10 Where is the accessory parotid gland located? A) Anterior to the Parotid Duct B) Near the Submandibular Duct C) Near the Sublingual Caruncle D) Posterior to the Parotid Gland The accessory parotid gland is located near the parotid duct. 4 / 10 What is the clinical significance of the parotid duct? A) Drains Submandibular Secretions B) Potential for Obstruction and Infection C) Enhances Mucous Production D) Lymphatic Drainage The parotid duct can be obstructed or infected, leading to sialadenitis or salivary stones. 5 / 10 What type of secretion do labial glands produce? A) Mucous B) Serous C) Enzymatic D) Mixed Labial glands primarily produce mucous secretions. 6 / 10 What is the role of von Ebner’s glands? A) Protect Against Infection B) Aid in Lubrication C) Secrete Mucus D) Cleanse Circumvallate Papillae Von Ebner’s glands secrete serous fluid to cleanse the circumvallate papillae. 7 / 10 What structure surrounds the parotid gland? A) Parotid Fascia B) Buccal Fascia C) Submandibular Fascia D) Sublingual Fascia The parotid gland is enclosed in the parotid fascia. 8 / 10 Which gland contributes the least to total salivary output? A) Sublingual Gland B) Submandibular Gland C) Minor Salivary Glands D) Parotid Gland The sublingual gland contributes the least to overall salivary output. 9 / 10 What are the secretory units of salivary glands called? A) Acini B) Nodes C) Lobules D) Ducts The secretory units are acini, classified as serous, mucous, or mixed. 10 / 10 Where does the parotid duct open in the oral cavity? A) Opposite First Lower Molar B) Opposite Canine Tooth C) Opposite Premolars D) Opposite Second Upper Molar The parotid duct opens into the oral cavity near the second upper molar. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Salivary Glands: Minor Salivary Glands Major Salivary Glands Components of Saliva: Serous Component (Contains Enzymes) Produced by Serous Glands Mucous Component (Mucus) Produced by Mucous Glands Seromucous Glands (Mixed Secretion) Minor Salivary Glands: Labial Glands (Glandulae Labiales) Buccal Glands (Glandulae Buccales) Palatine Glands (Glandulae Palatinae) Lingual Glands (Glandulae Linguales) Major Salivary Glands: Parotid Gland (Glandula Parotidea) Submandibular Gland (Glandula Submandibularis) Sublingual Gland (Glandula Sublingualis) Parotid Gland: Largest Salivary Gland Divided into: Superficial Part (Pars Superficialis) Located near the Zygomatic Arch and Angle of Mandible Deep Part (Pars Profunda) Located in the Retromandibular Fossa Encased by Parotid Fascia Parotid Duct (Ductus Parotideus) / Stensen’s Duct Opens at the Papilla of the Parotid Duct (Papillae Ductus Parotidei) Accessory Parotid Gland (Glandula Parotidea Accessoria) Submandibular Gland: Seromucous Gland Located in the Submandibular Space Submandibular Duct (Ductus Submandibularis) / Wharton’s Duct Opens at the Sublingual Caruncle (Caruncula Sublingualis) Sublingual Gland: Smallest Major Salivary Gland Major Sublingual Duct (Ductus Sublingualis Major) / Duct of Bartholin Opens at the Sublingual Caruncle Minor Sublingual Ducts (Ductus Sublinguales Minores) Located along the Sublingual Folds (Plica Sublingualis) Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej Biorender University Notes and Lectures Transcript Introduction0:03What’s up, meditay here and in this video, we’re going to go through the different0:07salivary glands you have around the oral cavity. So the salivary glands are divided based on their0:14size. There are the minor salivary glands, that are scattered throughout the oral cavity,0:18and there’s the major salivary glands, which has ducts that open into the oral cavity0:23to secrete out its saliva. But first, we need to address some words I’m gonna useSaliva0:28throughout this video so that you understand the whole idea regarding salivary glands0:33Our saliva is made up two components. There’s a serous component, and there’s a mucous component.0:40The serous component contains enzymes that help us digest the food we eat.0:45And the mucous component is mucous, that lubricates the inner surfaces of our mouth,0:50as well as lubricating the food we eat so that it passes easily down to the0:54next step of the digestive system. And these two components are produced by two different glands.1:01They’re the Serous gland, and the mucous gland, so let’s go through these a little bit.1:06The serous gland looks like this. It contains a lot of granules that produces watery secretions1:12containing enzymes like alpha amylase. Mucous glands look like this. They stain1:18lighter than the serous gland because they don’t have these granules that the serous gland does,1:23and it mainly produces mucin, that absorbs water to form a lubricating secretion called mucus.1:30Then there’s a combination of those, called seromucous gland, which look like this.1:34That produces both mucous and enzymes. Alright. Now that you have a generalMinor Salivary Glands1:40knowledge of the different glands. Let’s start with the minor salivary glands. The1:44minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity. And they produce saliva continuously,1:51without any neuronal stimulation. The majority of those are gonna be seromucous glands.1:57There are minor salivary glands in the lips. Called labial glands.2:01There are glands in the buccal region,2:03called buccal glands. Then there’s the Palatine glands,2:06and lingual glands. These are the main minor salivary glands that we have in the oral cavity.Major Salivary Glands2:12Then we have the Major Salivary Glands, which look like this. They are the Parotid Gland,2:18Submandibular gland, and the sublingual glands. Cool. Let’s start with the parotid gland!Parotid Gland2:23Which is this one. Now there are three things that I want you to remember2:28when it comes to

Oral Cavity Proper

Oral Cavity Proper (Palate & Tongue) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Oral Cavity Proper – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which part of the tongue contains the foramen caecum? A) Root B) Apex C) Body D) Terminal sulcus The terminal sulcus of the tongue contains the foramen caecum. 2 / 10 What is the role of the palatopharyngeus muscle? A) Moves the soft palate B) Elevates the pharynx C) Changes the tongue shape D) Forms the soft palate arch It elevates the pharynx during swallowing. 3 / 10 Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue alters its shape? A) Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles B) Hyoglossus C) Palatoglossus D) Styloglossus The superior and inferior longitudinal muscles alter the shape of the tongue. 4 / 10 What is the structure that divides the tongue into the anterior and posterior regions? A) Terminal sulcus B) Lingual papillae C) Median glossoepiglottic fold D) Frenulum of the tongue The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into anterior and posterior regions. 5 / 10 What structure is located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches? A) Terminal sulcus B) Palatine tonsil C) Uvula D) Lingual tonsil The palatine tonsil is located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. 6 / 10 What is the function of the soft palate during swallowing? A) Protects teeth B) Anchors tongue muscles C) Blocks the nasal cavity D) Guides food into the oesophagus The soft palate blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing to prevent food from entering. 7 / 10 Which structure forms the superior border of the soft palate? A) Hard palate B) Incisive papilla C) Palatoglossal arch D) Frenulum The superior border of the soft palate is attached to the posterior part of the hard palate. 8 / 10 Which structures form the superior border of the oral cavity proper? A) Palatine tonsils B) Mylohyoid muscle C) Oropharyngeal isthmus D) Hard and soft palate The hard and soft palate form the superior border. 9 / 10 What is the anterior boundary of the oral cavity proper? A) Soft palate B) Oropharyngeal isthmus C) Mylohyoid muscle D) Teeth and gums The teeth and gums form the anterior boundary of the oral cavity proper. 10 / 10 Which muscle forms the bulk of the tongue? A) Palatoglossus B) Genioglossus C) Styloglossus D) Hyoglossus The genioglossus muscle forms the bulk of the tongue. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Borders of the Oral Cavity Proper: Anterior and Lateral Border: Teeth, Gums Superior Border: Hard Palate, Soft Palate Inferior Border: Mylohyoid, Digastric, Geniohyoid Muscles, Tongue Posterior Border: Oropharyngeal Isthmus Superior Border: Hard Palate (Palatum Durum) Anterior Part: Alveolar Processes of Maxilla Posterior Part: Horizontal Plate of Palatine Bone Covered by Periosteum Covered by Mucous Membrane containing Palatine Glands Key Structures: Incisive Papilla Palatine Raphe Transverse Palatine Folds Soft Palate (Palatum Molle) Velum Palatinum – Free part of the posterior palate Contains muscle tissue, palatine aponeurosis, vasculature, and mucous glands Key Structure: Uvula (Uvula Palatina) Swallowing Process: Tongue Blocks the Oral Cavity Soft Palate Blocks the Nasal Cavity Epiglottis Blocks the Larynx Muscles of the Soft Palate: Muscle of the Uvula (Musculus Uvulae) Levator Veli Palatini (Musculus Levator Veli Palatini) Tensor Veli Palatini (Musculus Tensor Veli Palatini) Palatoglossus Muscle (Musculus Palatoglossus) Palatopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Palatopharyngeus) Structures Formed by the Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal Muscles: Palatoglossal Arch (Arcus Palatoglossus) Palatopharyngeal Arch (Arcus Palatopharyngeus) Palatine Tonsil (Tonsilla Palatina) Inferior Border: Floor of the Oral Cavity Mylohyoid Muscle Anterior Belly of Digastric Muscle Geniohyoid Muscle Structures of the Tongue: Muscle organ composed of several muscles Divided into 3 parts: Apex, Body, and Root of Tongue Key Features: Medial Sulcus (Sulcus Medianus) Terminal Sulcus (Sulcus Terminalis) Foramen Caecum of the Tongue (Foramen Linguae) Lingual Tonsil (Tonsilla Lingualis) Glossoepiglottic Folds: Right/Left Glossoepiglottic Folds (Plica Glossoepiglottica Dextra et Sinistra) Median Glossoepiglottic Fold (Plica Glossoepiglottica Mediana) Epiglottic Vallecula (Valleculae Epiglotticae) Frenulum of the Tongue (Frenulum Linguae) Fimbriated Folds (Plica Fimbriata) Sublingual Folds (Plica Sublingualis) Sublingual Caruncle (Caruncula Sublingualis) Muscles of the Tongue: Extrinsic (Extraglossal) Muscles: Genioglossus Muscle (Musculus Genioglossus) Styloglossus Muscle (Musculus Styloglossus) Hyoglossus Muscle (Musculus Hyoglossus) Palatoglossus Muscle (Musculus Palatoglossus) Intrinsic (Intraglossal) Muscles: Superior and Inferior Longitudinal Muscles Vertical Muscles of the Tongue Transverse Muscles of the Tongue Lingual Papillae: Filiform Papilla Fungiform Papilla Vallate Papilla Foliate Papilla Posterior Border: Oropharynx Isthmus of Fauces (Isthmus Faucium) Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Biorender University Notes and Lectures Transcript Introduction0:00What’s up, Meditay here. Let’s talk about the digestive system anatomy. In our last video,0:01we covered the anatomical structures associated with the Oral Vestibule. Which remember consists0:06of the external borders with the Lips and Cheeks, and the Inter borders with the Teeth and Gums.0:12Now let’s wrap up the anatomy of the oral cavity, by going through the anatomical structures0:17associated with the Oral Cavity Proper. And to do that, we need to go through the0:21borders of the oral cavity proper. First, we have the Anterior and Lateral border,0:27which are the alveolar processes and the gums, as well as the teeth, we already covered themBorders of the Oral Cavity Proper0:31in the last video, since the teeth and gums are also the internal borders of the oral vestibule.0:36Superiorly however, you’ll find the hard palate, and the soft palate.0:40The inferior border consist of the floor of the oral cavity, which is made up by0:45the mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle and the geniohyoid muscle. And you’ll find0:51the tongue here in the inferior border. Posteriorly, the oral cavity proper will0:56continue into the pharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus.1:00So our goal in this video is to go through all the structures associated with these borders here.1:06We talked through the anterior and lateral border in our last video. Now, let’s start with the1:11superior

Oral Vestibule

Oral Vestibule (Lips, Cheeks, Teeth, Gums) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Oral Vestibule – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 The vestibule of the mouth lies between which two boundaries? A) Tongue and hard palate B) Hard palate and pharynx C) Lips/cheeks and teeth/gums D) Tongue and teeth The vestibule lies between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/gums. 2 / 10 What role does the gingival margin play in the oral vestibule? A) Elevates the soft palate B) Connects lips to the gums C) Facilitates mastication D) Protects the periodontal tissues It protects the underlying periodontal tissues from bacteria. 3 / 10 Which glands are responsible for saliva production within the lips? A) Buccinator muscle B) Labial glands C) Parotid duct D) Gingival papillae Labial glands produce saliva within the lips. 4 / 10 What tissue forms the inner lining of the oral vestibule? A) Tunica mucosa B) Buccinator fascia C) Stratified squamous epithelium D) Subcutaneous tissue The inner lining is composed of tunica mucosa. 5 / 10 What defines the gingival sulcus within the oral vestibule? A) Layer of connective tissue B) Protective margin C) Duct opening D) Groove between gum and tooth It is the groove between the gum and the tooth. 6 / 10 The oral vestibule is located between which two sets of structures? A) Palate and pharynx B) Lips/cheeks and tongue C) Tongue and teeth D) Lips/cheeks and teeth/gums It lies between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/gums. 7 / 10 Which layer contains the parotid duct within the cheeks? A) Submucosal connective tissue B) Subcutaneous layer C) Buccopharyngeal fascia D) Tunica mucosa The parotid duct is found within the buccopharyngeal fascia. 8 / 10 The frenulum labii superioris is associated with which structure? A) Cheeks B) Upper lip C) Tongue D) Lower lip It is associated with the upper lip, attaching it to the gums. 9 / 10 The parotid duct opens into the oral vestibule near which tooth? A) Second upper molar B) Canine C) First upper molar D) Third upper molar The parotid duct opens near the second upper molar tooth. 10 / 10 Which type of mucosa lines the oral vestibule? A) Tunica mucosa B) Gingival margin C) Connective tissue D) Submucosal layer Tunica mucosa lines the oral vestibule. Your score is The average score is 0% Description General Overview of the Digestive System This video covers the general structures of the digestive system, including the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive organs. 1. General Structures of the Digestive System: Main Digestive Tract: Oral Cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Accessory Digestive Organs: Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Liver Pancreas Gallbladder 2. External Structures of the Mouth: Upper Lip (Labium Superior) Lower Lip (Labium Inferior) Oral Angle (Labial Commissure) Nasolabial Sulcus (Sulcus Nasolabialis) Philtrum Mentolabial Sulcus (Sulcus Mentolabialis) Oral Fissure (Rima Oris) 3. Division of the Oral Cavity: Oral Vestibule (Vestibulum Oris) External Borders: Lips and Cheeks Internal Borders: Teeth and Gums Oral Cavity Proper (Cavitas Oris Propria) 4. Anatomy of the Lips: Frenulum of the Upper Lip (Frenulum Labii Superioris) Frenulum of the Lower Lip (Frenulum Labii Inferioris) Labial Glands (Glandulae Labialis) 5. Anatomy of the Cheeks: Buccinator Muscle (Musculus Buccinator) Buccopharyngeal Fascia Buccal Fat Pad (Bichat’s Fat Pad) Layers of the Skin (Cutis) Tunica Mucosa Parotid Duct (Ductus Parotideus) Papilla of the Parotid Duct (Papillae Ductus Parotidei) 6. Anatomy of the Teeth: Basic Tooth Structures: Crown of the Tooth (Corona Dentis) Root of the Tooth (Radix Dentis) Neck of the Tooth (Cervix Dentis) Periodontium Gomphosis (Dentoalveolar Joint) Dental Pulp (Pulpa Dentis) Root Canal (Canalis Radicis Dentis) Apical Foramen (Foramen Apicis Dentis) Dentin (Dentinum) Enamel (Enamelum) Cement (Cementum) Types of Teeth: Milk Teeth (Dentes Decidui) – 20 teeth, appear between 6-24 months. Permanent Teeth (Dentes Permanentes) – 32 teeth. Wisdom Teeth (Dentes Serotinus) – Appear between 17-24 years. 7. Tooth Arrangement: European system: Teeth are divided into 4 quadrants. Each quadrant contains: 2 Incisors (Dentes Incisivi) 1 Canine (Dentes Canini) 2 Premolars (Dentes Premolares) 3 Molars (Dentes Molares) Total: 8 teeth per quadrant × 4 quadrants = 32 permanent teeth. Milk Teeth: 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Molars per quadrant. 8. Anatomy of the Gums (Gingiva): Alveolar Mucosa – Covers the root of the tooth. Gum Proper – Attached to the periosteum. Gingival Papillae (Papillae Gingivales) Gingival Margin (Margo Gingivalis) Gingival Sulcus (Sulcus Gingivalis) 9. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:04What’s up, Meditay here, Let’s talk about the anatomy of the oral cavity.0:07Now since this is my first video of the digestive system, I wanna spend a quick minute giving you a0:12little overview of the whole digestive system. And to do that, we’ll use this chocolate0:16cheesecake to highlight al the structures it’s gonna go through within your digestive0:20system. The reason why I chose a cheesecake is because it most probably starts you salivating0:26because you probably wanna eat it. That implies that the Oral cavity is the first part of the0:30digestive system. After the oral cavity is the Pharynx. Then when you swallow the food,0:36it’s going to go through the esophagus, and then all the way down to your stomach.0:41After it’s been processed by the hydrochloric acid in the stomach, it’s then going to enter0:46the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the0:50ileum. And after the Ileum, it’s going to enter the Large Intestine, which consists of the caecum0:56and the colon, and then the rectum. And by the time it gets to here,0:59this is how the cheesecake’s gonna look like. And the fuller the rectum gets,1:03the higher you feel the urge to poop. So those are all the structures

Lungs

Lungs (Function, Parts, Pleura & Recesses) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Members Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Members Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Lungs – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which pleural recess is located between the diaphragm and ribs? A) Vertebromediastinal recess B) Phrenicomediastinal recess C) Costomediastinal recess D) Costodiaphragmatic recess The costodiaphragmatic recess is found between the diaphragm and ribs. 2 / 10 What is the largest lobe of the right lung? A) Middle lobe B) Superior lobe C) Inferior lobe D) Lingula The inferior lobe of the right lung is the largest due to its position and size. 3 / 10 Which lobe of the right lung contains the lateral and medial segments? A) Inferior lobe B) Middle lobe C) Superior lobe D) Superior lingular lobe The middle lobe of the right lung contains the lateral and medial segments. 4 / 10 What is the highest structure in the hilum of the right lung? A) Pulmonary vein B) Pulmonary artery C) Pulmonary ligament D) Bronchus The bronchus is the highest structure in the hilum of the right lung. 5 / 10 What is the apex of the lung (Apex pulmonis)? A) The hilum of the lung B) The apex of the lung C) The diaphragmatic surface D) The base of the lung The apex of the lung is the superior, pointed part that extends into the cervical pleura above the first rib. 6 / 10 Which structure separates the visceral pleura from the parietal pleura? A) Cardiac notch B) Costal pleura C) Apex D) Pleural cavity The pleural cavity separates the visceral pleura from the parietal pleura. 7 / 10 Which structure forms the “tongue-like” projection on the superior lobe of the left lung? A) Lingula B) Inferior margin C) Apex of the lung D) Mediastinal surface The lingula of the left lung is a projection analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung. 8 / 10 Which lobe contains the apicoposterior segment (S1+2) in the left lung? A) Superior lobe B) Middle lobe C) Inferior lobe D) Lingula The apicoposterior segment (S1+2) is part of the superior lobe of the left lung. 9 / 10 How many segments does the left lung typically have? A) 6 B) 8-Sep C) 12 D) 10 The left lung typically has 8-9 bronchopulmonary segments. 10 / 10 What is the role of the pulmonary veins? A) Supply oxygen to lung tissues B) Return oxygenated blood to the heart C) Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs D) Drain lymph from the lungs Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Functions and Anatomy of the Lungs This video covers the functions, parts, segments, and pleura of the lungs, as well as the surrounding mediastinum. 1. Functions of the Lungs: Essential organ of respiration. Facilitates gas exchange (O2 uptake and CO2 removal). Muscles of Inspiration: Sternocleidomastoideus. External Intercostal Muscles. Diaphragm. Muscles of Expiration: Internal Intercostal Muscles. Abdominal Muscles. Functional Unit of the Lungs: Alveolar Sacs (Sacculi Alveolares): Site of gas exchange. 2. Parts and Surfaces of the Lungs: Apex of Lung (Apex Pulmonis) – superior-most part. Base of Lung (Basis Pulmonis) – rests on the diaphragm. Costal Surface (Facies Costalis) – faces the ribs. Diaphragmatic Surface (Facies Diaphragmatica) – contacts the diaphragm. Mediastinal Surface (Facies Mediastinalis) – faces the mediastinum. Hilum of Lung (Hilum Pulmonis) – entry point for bronchi, vessels, and nerves. Pulmonary Ligament (Ligamentum Pulmonale) – stabilizes lung position. Root of Lung (Radix Pulmonis) – contains pulmonary vessels and bronchi. Hilum Orientation Mnemonic: Right Lung: BRIGHT IS RIGHT – Highest structure is the Bronchus, followed by Pulmonary Arteries, then Pulmonary Veins. Left Lung: Highest structure is the Pulmonary Artery, followed by the Bronchus, then Pulmonary Veins. Margins of the Lungs: Inferior Margin (Margo Inferior): Separates costal and diaphragmatic surfaces. Anterior Margin (Margo Anterior): Forms a distinct border. Cardiac Notch (Incisura Cardiaca Pulmonis Sinistri): Indentation in the left lung. Lingula of Left Lung (Lingula Pulmonis): Tongue-like projection of the left superior lobe. 3. Pulmonary Lobes: Oblique Fissure (Fissura Obliqua) – divides superior and inferior lobes. Horizontal Fissure (Fissura Horizontalis) – divides right lung into three lobes. Lobes of the Lungs: Right Lung: 3 lobes – Superior, Middle, Inferior. Left Lung: 2 lobes – Superior, Inferior. 4. Pulmonary Segments: Right Lung (10 Segments): Superior Lobe: Apical, Posterior, Anterior. Middle Lobe: Lateral, Medial. Inferior Lobe: Superior, Basal Medial, Basal Anterior, Basal Lateral, Basal Posterior. Left Lung (8-9 Segments): Superior Lobe: Apicoposterior, Anterior, Superior Lingular, Inferior Lingular. Inferior Lobe: Superior, Basal Anterior, Basal Lateral, Basal Posterior, (±Basal Medial). 5. Pleura of the Lungs: Visceral Pleura (Pleura Visceralis): Covers the lungs directly. Parietal Pleura (Pleura Parietalis): Costal Part. Diaphragmatic Part. Mediastinal Part. Pleural Part. Pleural Cavity (Cavitas Pleuralis): Space between visceral and parietal pleura. Pleural Recesses: Costodiaphragmatic Recess (Recessus Costodiaphragmaticus). Costomediastinal Recess (Recessus Costomediastinalis). Vertebromediastinal Recess (Recessus Vertebromediastinalis). Phrenicomediastinal Recess (Recessus Phrenicomediastinalis). 6. Mediastinum: Superior Mediastinum (Mediastinum Superius): Above the heart. Inferior Mediastinum (Mediastinum Inferius): Divided into: Anterior Mediastinum. Middle Mediastinum. Posterior Mediastinum. 7. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Complete Anatomy by 3D4Medical. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Snell’s Clinical Anatomy, 10th Edition. Transcript Introduction0:03Hey, what’s up, Meditay here. Let’s talk about the anatomy of the respiratory system.0:07In this segment, we will be talking about the anatomy of the Lungs and the pleura. Alright, so0:12the respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These are the Nasal Cavity,0:17Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and the Lungs.0:21Now let’s look detailed into the anatomy of the Lungs.0:25So In this video, we’re first gonna go through the functions of the lungs.0:29Then we’re gonna go through the parts, and surfaces, and margins of the lungs.0:34After that, we’ll

Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Alveolar Tree

Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Alveolar Tree (Parts, Structures and Walls) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Members Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Members Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Trachea and Bronchi – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 What structural feature differentiates the left and right main bronchi? A) Presence of smooth muscle B) Absence of cartilage C) Orientation and diameter D) Length of the bronchi The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical. 2 / 10 How many lobar bronchi are present in the left lung? A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1 There are two lobar bronchi in the left lung: superior and inferior. 3 / 10 What structural layer is unique to the bronchial wall but absent in the trachea? A) Tela submucosa B) Fibromusculocartilaginous layer C) Tunica adventitia D) Smooth muscle layer The fibromusculocartilaginous layer is unique to the bronchial wall. 4 / 10 Which part of the bronchial wall contains cartilage plates? A) Fibromusculocartilaginous layer B) Mucosa C) Adventitia D) Submucosa The fibromusculocartilaginous layer contains cartilage plates in the bronchi. 5 / 10 What type of cartilage makes up the tracheal rings? A) Fibrocartilage B) Articular cartilage C) Hyaline cartilage D) Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage forms the tracheal rings, providing structural support. 6 / 10 Where does the trachea bifurcate into the primary bronchi? A) T2 B) T4-T5 C) T6 D) T8 The trachea bifurcates at the level of T4-T5 (sternal angle). 7 / 10 Which epithelium lines the trachea? A) Transitional B) Pseudostratified columnar C) Simple cuboidal D) Simple squamous The trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 8 / 10 What is the approximate length of the trachea in adults? A) 9-15 cm B) 5-7 cm C) 7-9 cm D) 15-20 cm The trachea is about 9-15 cm long in adults, depending on individual anatomy. 9 / 10 At which vertebral levels does the trachea typically extend? A) T1-T6 B) C6-T4 C) T4-T7 D) C7-T5 The trachea extends from C6-C7 to T4-T5. 10 / 10 What type of epithelium lines the trachea? A) Stratified squamous B) Pseudostratified columnar C) Simple cuboidal D) Transitional The trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Trachea and Bronchial Tree: Anatomy and Structure This video covers the anatomy, layers, and function of the trachea, bronchi, and alveolar tree, along with a comparison of their structural differences. 1. Trachea (Windpipe): Divides into bronchi at the level of T4-T5. Length: 9-15 cm. Diameter: 2-2.5 cm. Skeletopy: Extends from C6-C7 to T4-T5. Parts of the Trachea: Tracheal Cartilages (Cartilagines Tracheales): C-shaped cartilages maintaining airway patency. Annular Ligaments (Ligamenta Anularia): Connect tracheal rings. Membranous Part (Paries Membranaceus): Posterior part containing smooth muscle. Tracheal Bifurcation (Bifurcatio Tracheales): Division into right and left main bronchi. Carina of Trachea (Carina Tracheae): Internal ridge at the bifurcation, directs airflow. Layers of the Trachea: Tunica Mucosa: Contains tracheal lymphoid nodules and tracheal glands (Noduli Lymphoidei Tracheales and Glandulae Tracheales). Tela Submucosa: Supports the mucosal layer. Tunica Adventitia: Outermost connective tissue layer. 2. Bronchi: Main Bronchi (Bronchi Principales): Right Main Bronchus (Bronchus Principalis Dexter): Shorter, wider, and more vertical. Left Main Bronchus (Bronchus Principalis Sinister): Longer, narrower, and more oblique. Enter the lungs through the hilum of the lungs (hilum pulmonis). Lobar Bronchi (Bronchi Lobares): Right Lung: 3 Lobar Bronchi – Superior, Middle, Inferior. Left Lung: 2 Lobar Bronchi – Superior, Inferior. Segmental Bronchi (Bronchi Segmentales): Further divisions supplying bronchopulmonary segments. Foreign Body Aspiration: Foreign objects are more likely to fall into the right main bronchus due to its vertical orientation. 3. Bronchial Tree (Arbor Bronchialis): Left & Right Principal Bronchi: Enter through the pulmonary hilum. Lobar Bronchi (Bronchi Lobares): Secondary bronchi. Segmental Bronchi (Bronchi Segmentales): Tertiary bronchi. Terminal Bronchi (Bronchi Terminales): Smallest non-respiratory bronchi. Epithelium Changes: Respiratory epithelium transitions to cuboidal epithelium in smaller bronchioles. 4. Alveolar Tree (Arbor Alveolaris): Terminal Bronchioles (Bronchi Terminales): Last part of conducting airways. Respiratory Bronchioles: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Respiratory Bronchioles. Alveolar Ducts (Ductus Alveolares): Transport air to alveolar sacs. Alveolar Sacs (Sacculi Alveolares): Clusters of alveoli for gas exchange. 5. Comparison of Walls: Trachea, Bronchus, and Bronchiole Tracheal Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. Tela Submucosa: Contains mucus-secreting glands. Tracheal Cartilage: C-shaped rings. Smooth Muscles (Membranous Part): Adjusts airway diameter. Tunica Adventitia: External connective tissue layer. Bronchial Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. Tela Submucosa: Contains mucus-secreting glands. Fibromusculocartilaginous Layer (Tunica Fibromusculocartilaginea): Cartilage plates replace C-shaped rings. Tunica Adventitia: External connective tissue layer. Bronchiolar Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Lined with simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Tela Submucosa: Lacks cartilage. Tunica Muscularis: Well-developed smooth muscle layer. Tunica Adventitia: External connective tissue layer. 6. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:03Hey, What’s up. Meditay here. Let’s talk about the anatomy of the respiratory system.0:08In this segment, we will be talking about the anatomy of the Trachea and the Bronchi.0:12Alright, so the respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing.0:17These are the Nose and the nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and the0:22Lungs. In our last two videos, we covered the anatomy of the nasal cavity and the Larynx.0:28Now let’s do the anatomy of the Trachea and Bronchi.0:32So In this video, we’re going to cover the anatomy of the Trachea, which includes the0:36parts that make up the trachea, and the layers of the tracheal wall. Then we’re gonna cover0:41the bronchial tree and the Alveolar tree and then we’re going to compare the Layers of the Tracheal,0:47Bronchial, and Bronchiolar wall to really understand the anatomical differences0:52of structures as you get closer to the lungs. Alright, so here we see the anterior view ofTopography of the Trachea0:57the chest. The Larynx is up here, and inferior to it, you’ll see

Larynx

Larynx (Voice Box) – Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints, Wall, Cavity Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Members Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Members Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Larynx – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which structure separates the laryngeal vestibule from the vocal folds? A) Aryepiglottic fold B) Quadrangular membrane C) Vocal folds D) Vestibular folds The vestibular folds (false vocal cords) separate the laryngeal vestibule from the vocal folds. 2 / 10 The superior horn of the thyroid cartilage is connected to which structure? A) Hyoid bone B) Arytenoid cartilage C) Epiglottis D) Cricoid cartilage The superior horn of the thyroid cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid ligament. 3 / 10 What part of the cricoid cartilage articulates with the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage? A) Articular facet B) Posterior ridge C) Superior lamina D) Arch The articular facet on the cricoid cartilage articulates with the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. 4 / 10 What is the main blood supply to the mucosa of the larynx above the vocal folds? A) Recurrent laryngeal artery B) Superior laryngeal artery C) Inferior thyroid artery D) Cricothyroid artery The superior laryngeal artery supplies the mucosa above the vocal folds. 5 / 10 What is the role of the quadrangular membrane? A) Supports aryepiglottic folds B) Anchors vocal cords C) Protects the airway D) Forms the vestibular ligament The quadrangular membrane forms the vestibular ligament, which contributes to the vestibular fold. 6 / 10 Which cartilage provides structural support to the aryepiglottic folds? A) Cuneiform cartilage B) Corniculate cartilage C) Thyroid cartilage D) Arytenoid cartilage The cuneiform cartilage provides structural support to the aryepiglottic folds. 7 / 10 Which muscle attaches to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage? A) Posterior cricoarytenoid B) Cricothyroid muscle C) Aryepiglottic muscle D) Thyroarytenoid muscle The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle attaches to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. 8 / 10 The thyroid cartilage laminae meet at the midline to form which structure? A) Laryngeal prominence B) Thyroid tubercle C) Epiglottic fold D) Cricothyroid ligament The thyroid cartilage laminae meet at the midline to form the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple). 9 / 10 Which muscle is responsible for abduction of the vocal cords? A) Lateral cricoarytenoid B) Posterior cricoarytenoid C) Thyroarytenoid muscle D) Cricothyroid muscle The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle abducts the vocal cords by rotating the arytenoid cartilages. 10 / 10 Which cartilage is the only complete ring in the larynx? A) Arytenoid cartilage B) Cuneiform cartilage C) Cricoid cartilage D) Thyroid cartilage The cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring and is located below the thyroid cartilage. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Larynx: Anatomy, Cartilage, Ligaments, and Function This video covers the anatomy of the larynx, its cartilage structures, ligaments, and functions related to phonation and respiration. 1. Larynx Orientation: Located between the hyoid bone and the trachea. Situated in front of the esophagus. Skeletopy: Extends from C4-C5 to C6-C7. Functions of the Larynx: Acts as an air passage. Produces sound through phonation. 2. Cartilage of the Larynx: Unpaired Cartilages (3): Epiglottis. Thyroid Cartilage. Cricoid Cartilage. Paired Cartilages (3): Arytenoid Cartilage. Corniculate Cartilage. Cuneiform Cartilage. 3. Details of Laryngeal Cartilages: Thyroid Cartilage (Cartilago Thyroidea): Right and left laminae (Lamina Dextra and Lamina Sinistra). Laryngeal Prominence (Adam’s Apple) (Prominentia Laryngea). Superior and inferior horns (Cornua Superiora and Cornua Inferiora). Cricoid Cartilage (Cartilago Cricoidea): Arch (Arcus). Plate (Lamina). Arytenoid and thyroid articular surfaces (Facies Articularis Arytenoidea & Facies Articularis Thyroidea). Epiglottis: Behind thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing. Arytenoid Cartilage (Cartilago Arytenoidea): Triangular in shape with apex and base. Vocal Process: Anterior process that attaches to the vocal cords. Muscular Process: Posterior process for muscle attachment. Corniculate Cartilage (Cartilago Corniculata): Sits on top of the arytenoid cartilage. Serves as an attachment for muscles. Cuneiform Cartilage (Cartilago Cuneiforme): Located in the aryepiglottic fold. Forms the cuneiform tubercle. 4. Laryngeal Ligaments & Joints: Connections in the Larynx (Juncturae Laryngis): Continuous Articulation (Synarthroses): Cartilaginous (Synchondroses): Between corniculate cartilage and apex of arytenoid cartilage. Fibrous (Syndesmoses): Thyrohyoid Membrane (Membrana Thyrohyoidea). Cricothyroid Membrane (Membrana Cricothyroidea). Cricotracheal Ligament (Ligamentum Cricotracheale). Thyroepiglottic Ligament (Ligamentum Thyroepiglottica). Hyoepiglottic Ligament (Ligamentum Hyoepiglotticum). Discontinuous Articulation (Synovial): Cricothyroid Articulation (Articulatio Cricothyroidea). Cricoarytenoid Articulation (Articulatio Cricoarytenoidea). 5. Laryngeal Wall Layers: Tunica Mucosa: Vestibular Fold: Lined by respiratory epithelium. Vocal Fold: Lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Contains laryngeal glands and lymph nodules. Tela Submucosa: Fibroelastic Membrane (Membrana Fibroelastica Laryngis): Quadrangular Membrane: Forms the vestibular ligament. Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament (Conus Elasticus): Free margin forms the vocal ligament. Muscles of the Larynx: Controls Laryngeal Inlet: Opens and narrows the entrance. Controls Rima Glottidis: Adjusts airflow. Acts on the Vocal Cord: Cricothyroid Muscle: Tenses the vocal cord. Vocalis Muscle: Decreases tension in the vocal cord. Tunica Adventitia: Dense connective tissue for structural support. 6. Laryngeal Cavity: Laryngeal Vestibule (Vestibulum Laryngis). Glottis: Rima Glottidis: Opening between the vocal folds. Anterior 3/5: Intermembranous part. Posterior 2/5: Intercartilaginous part. Laryngeal Ventricles (Ventriculus Laryngis). Infraglottic Cavity. 7. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:00Hey what’s up.0:02Meditay here.0:03Let’s talk about the anatomy of the respiratory system.0:08In this segment, we will be talking about the anatomy of the Larynx.0:12Alright, so the respiratory system consist of all the organs involved in breathing.0:17These are the Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and the Lungs.0:23In our last video, we covered the anatomy of the nasal cavity.0:27Now let’s do the anatomy of the Larynx.0:29So in this video, we’ll start with orientation by looking at the anterior and posterior view0:35of the Larynx.0:36Then we’ll talk briefly about what cartilages make up the larynx.0:40As well as the ligaments and joints that hold the whole thing together.0:44Then we’ll do the walls of the Larynx and

Pharynx Anatomy

Pharynx Anatomy (Parts, Layers, Muscles) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Members Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Members Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Pharynx – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 What structure connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear? A) Torus tubarius B) Auditory tube C) Oropharyngeal isthmus D) Pharyngeal recess The auditory tube (Eustachian tube) connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear for pressure equalization and drainage. 2 / 10 Which nerve provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle? A) Hypoglossal nerve B) Vagus nerve C) Glossopharyngeal nerve D) Facial nerve The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle. 3 / 10 At which vertebral level does the laryngopharynx transition to the esophagus? A) C3 B) C4 C) C1 D) C6 The laryngopharynx continues into the esophagus at the level of the C6 vertebra. 4 / 10 Which muscle is the highest of the pharyngeal constrictors? A) Superior constrictor B) Middle constrictor C) Palatopharyngeus D) Inferior constrictor The superior pharyngeal constrictor is the highest of the constrictor muscles and narrows the pharyngeal space during swallowing. 5 / 10 What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx? A) Transitional epithelium B) Pseudostratified ciliated C) Simple columnar D) Stratified squamous The laryngopharynx is lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium to protect it from mechanical damage during swallowing. 6 / 10 What is the role of the piriform recess in the laryngopharynx? A) Guides food to esophagus B) Opens the auditory tube C) Amplifies sound D) Anchors the vocal cords The piriform recess channels food and liquids away from the airway and toward the esophagus. 7 / 10 Which tonsil is located near the auditory tube opening? A) Lingual tonsil B) Pharyngeal tonsil C) Tubal tonsil D) Palatine tonsil The tubal tonsil is located near the auditory tube opening in the nasopharynx. 8 / 10 What is the function of the laryngeal inlet? A) Equalize pressure B) Protect airway C) Resonate sound D) Propel food to esophagus The laryngeal inlet allows air to pass into the larynx and protects the airway during swallowing. 9 / 10 What type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx? A) Pseudostratified ciliated B) Columnar epithelium C) Stratified squamous D) Transitional epithelium The nasopharynx is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells for respiratory function. 10 / 10 What is the clinical significance of the pharyngeal recess? A) Anchors pharyngeal wall B) Drains mucus C) Site for tumor growth D) Site of tonsil formation The pharyngeal recess is a potential site for tumor growth or infection due to its location in the nasopharynx near the auditory tube opening. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Pharynx: Anatomy, Layers, and Muscles This video covers the parts of the pharynx, the layers of the pharyngeal wall, and the muscles involved in swallowing and phonation. 1. Pharynx Overview: Muscular tube measuring 12 to 15 cm in length. Located behind the nasal and oral cavities, connecting to the esophagus. Divisions: Nasopharynx (Pars Nasalis) Oropharynx (Pars Oralis) Laryngopharynx (Pars Laryngis) 2. Nasopharynx (Pars Nasalis): Located at the level of C1-C2. Structures: Vault of Pharynx (Fornix Pharyngis). Attachment Points: Pharyngeal Tubercle of the Occipital Bone (Tuberculum Pharyngeum). Petrooccipital Fissure (Petrooccipital Synchondrosis). Inferior Surface of Petrous Part (Temporal Bone). Medial Lamina of Pterygoid Process. Openings: Choana (Internal Nose). Auditory Tube (Tuba Auditiva). Pharyngeal Opening of the Auditory Tube (Ostium Pharyngeum Tubae Auditivae). Cushion of the Auditory Canal (Torus Tubarius). Pharyngeal Recess (Recessus Pharyngeus). Tonsils: Pharyngeal Tonsils / Adenoids (Tonsilla Pharyngealis). Tubal Tonsils (Tonsilla Tubaria). Auditory Tube Overview: Connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Function: Equalizes pressure in the middle ear. Drains fluids from the middle ear. 3. Oropharynx (Pars Oralis): Located at the level of C3-C4. Bordered by the soft palate superiorly and the epiglottis inferiorly. Communicates with the oral cavity via the oropharyngeal isthmus (Isthmus Faucium). 4. Laryngopharynx (Pars Laryngis): Located at the level of C5-C6. Continues into the larynx through the laryngeal inlet (Aditus Laryngis). Contains the piriform fossa (Recessus Piriformis), an important structure in swallowing. 5. Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Lined by different epithelium based on location: Nasopharynx: Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells). Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. Tela Submucosa: Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands. Tunica Muscularis: Composed of two muscle layers for peristalsis. Internal Circular Muscle Layer (Stratum Circulare). Outer Longitudinal Muscle Layer (Stratum Longitudinale). Tunica Adventitia: Connective tissue covering the pharynx externally. 6. Muscles of the Pharynx: External Pharyngeal Muscles (Pharyngeal Constrictors) Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor (Musculus Constrictor Pharyngis Superior). Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor (Musculus Constrictor Pharyngis Medius). Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor (Musculus Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior). Internal Pharyngeal Muscles (Pharyngeal Elevators) Stylopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Stylopharyngeus). Palatopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Palatopharyngeus). Salpingopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Salpingopharyngeus). 7. Clinical Relevance: Pharyngeal Tonsil Enlargement (Adenoid Hypertrophy): Can obstruct nasal airflow and cause sleep apnea. Auditory Tube Dysfunction: Leads to middle ear infections (otitis media). Piriform Recess: Common site where food or foreign objects get lodged. 8. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:03What’s up.0:04Meditay here, and in this video, we’re gonna go through the anatomy of the Pharynx.0:09So in the last video, we went through the anatomy of the Oral Cavity.0:12Now the step after the oral cavity is the Pharynx, as you see here.0:17So in this video, we’re first going to look at the parts of the Pharynx.0:20So we’re gonna go detailed into the anatomical structures associated with the Nasopharynx,0:25the Oropharynx, and the Laryngopharynx.0:28After that, we’ll cut the Pharynx and look at the layers of the pharyngeal wall.0:33And then we’re gonna go through the muscles that act on the Pharynx.Parts of the Pharynx0:37Now, let’s start by holding the Pharynx and pulling it out.0:41You’ll see a kind of

Nasal Anatomy

Nasal Anatomy (Cartilage, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, Meatuses, Nasal Mucosa) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Nasal Anatomy – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 What is the function of the choanae? A) Support nasal cartilage B) Drain sinuses C) Separate nasal chambers D) Connect to nasopharynx The choanae connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx, allowing airflow between these structures. 2 / 10 What is the function of the nasal conchae (turbinates)? A) To produce mucus B) To support olfactory nerves C) To humidify the air D) To anchor nasal cartilage The conchae create air turbulence in the nasal cavity, increasing contact with mucosa for warming, humidifying, and filtering the air. 3 / 10 The nasal vestibule is lined by which type of epithelium? A) Olfactory epithelium B) Skin with vibrissae C) Respiratory epithelium D) Pseudostratified epithelium The nasal vestibule is lined with skin containing vibrissae (coarse hairs) to trap debris from entering the respiratory tract. 4 / 10 Which sinus is most commonly affected in sinusitis? A) Ethmoidal sinus B) Sphenoid sinus C) Frontal sinus D) Maxillary sinus The maxillary sinus is most frequently affected in sinusitis due to its drainage pathway into the middle meatus. 5 / 10 The superior meatus lies directly below which nasal structure? A) Middle nasal concha B) Inferior nasal concha C) Superior nasal concha D) Nasal septum The superior meatus lies directly below the superior nasal concha (turbinate). 6 / 10 Which nerve provides general sensory innervation to the nasal cavity? A) Maxillary nerve (CN V2) B) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) C) Olfactory nerve (CN I) D) Facial nerve (CN VII) The maxillary nerve (CN V2), a branch of the trigeminal nerve, supplies general sensory innervation to the nasal cavity’s lower and middle regions. 7 / 10 Which lymph nodes receive drainage from the nasal cavity? A) Preauricular lymph nodes B) Submandibular lymph nodes C) Axillary lymph nodes D) Popliteal lymph nodes The submandibular lymph nodes primarily drain the nasal cavity, along with contributions to the retropharyngeal and deep cervical nodes. 8 / 10 What is the largest paranasal sinus? A) Sphenoid sinus B) Maxillary sinus C) Frontal sinus D) Ethmoidal sinus The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and drains into the middle meatus. 9 / 10 Which artery is the primary supplier to the posterior nasal septum? A) Greater palatine artery B) Superior labial artery C) Anterior ethmoidal artery D) Sphenopalatine artery The sphenopalatine artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, supplies the posterior septum and lateral wall of the nasal cavity. 10 / 10 Which structure marks the boundary between the nasal vestibule and the nasal cavity proper? A) Limen nasi B) Middle meatus C) Superior nasal concha D) Choanae The limen nasi marks the boundary where the epithelial lining transitions from skin to mucous membrane. Your score is The average score is 0% Description External and Internal Anatomy of the Nose This video covers the external structures of the nose, the anatomy of the nasal cavity, the functions and openings of sinuses, and the mucosa lining of the nasal cavity. We will also discuss the clinical relevance of conditions such as sinusitis. 1. External Structures of the Nose: Root of the Nose (Radix Nasi) – Uppermost part near the forehead. Dorsum of Nose (Dorsum Nasi) – Extends from root to apex. Apex of Nose (Apex Nasi) – Tip of the nose. Ala of Nose / Wing of Nose (Ala Nasi) – Lateral rounded portion surrounding the nostrils. Nostrils (Nares) – Openings for airflow into the nasal cavity. 2. Nasal Cartilages: Nasal Bones (Os Nasale Dextrum/Sinistrum). Lateral Nasal Cartilages (Cartilago Nasi Lateralis). Accessory Nasal Cartilage (Cartilagines Nasales Accessoriae). Major Alar Cartilage (Cartilagines Alares Majores). Minor Alar Cartilage (Cartilagines Alares Minores). Septal Nasal Cartilage (Cartilago Septi Nasi). Alar Fibrofatty Tissue (Tela Fibroadiposa Alaris). Bony Septal Part (Pars Ossea). 3. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity: Located above the palate and in front of the pharynx. Divisions: Nasal Vestibule (Vestibulum Nasi). Nasal Cavity Proper (Cavitas Nasi Proprium). Limen Nasi – Boundary between vestibule and nasal cavity proper. Nasal Cavity Proper: Olfactory Part (Pars Olfactoria) – Specialized for smell. Respiratory Part (Pars Respiratoria) – Warms, humidifies, and filters air. Olfactory Structures: Olfactory Tract (Tractus Olfactorius). Olfactory Bulb (Bulbus Olfactorius). Olfactory Nerves (Fila Olfactoria). Respiratory Structures: Superior Conchae (Superior Turbinate). Middle Conchae (Middle Turbinate). Inferior Conchae (Inferior Turbinate). Meatuses: Superior Meatus Middle Meatus Inferior Meatus Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess 4. Sinuses and Meatuses: Sphenoid Sinus: Opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess. Frontal Sinus: Opens into the middle meatus. Ethmoidal Sinus: Anterior and Middle Ethmoidal Air Cells → Middle Meatus. Posterior Ethmoidal Air Cells → Superior Meatus. Maxillary Sinus: Opens into the middle meatus. Nasolacrimal Duct: Opens into the inferior meatus. Functions of Sinuses: Decrease relative mass of the skull. Enhance voice resonance. Humidify and warm inhaled air. Produce mucus to prevent nasal dryness. 5. Nasal Mucosa: Olfactory Mucosa: Olfactory Epithelium – Detects odors. Sustentacular Cells – Support cells; damaged in COVID-19, leading to anosmia. Basal Cells – Stem cells for regeneration. Bowman’s Glands – Produce mucus in the tela submucosa. Respiratory Mucosa: Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar with cilia. Goblet Cells: Produce mucus. Tela Submucosa: Contains mixed mucous glands. 6. Clinical Relevance: Sinusitis Definition: Inflammation of the sinuses due to mucus accumulation and blockage. Causes: Common cold. Allergic rhinitis. Nasal polyps. Deviated nasal septum. Sources: Memorix Anatomy, 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan, Kachlík David, and Volný Ondřej. Complete Anatomy by 3D4Medical. Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:01Hey what’s up, meditay here.0:04Let’s talk about the anatomy of the respiratory system.0:07In this segment, we will be talking about the Nasal anatomy.0:11Alright, so the respiratory system consist of all the organs involved in breathing.0:17These are the Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and

Ureter, Urinary Bladder & Urethra

Ureter, Urinary Bladder & Urethra (Structures & Walls) Official Links Instagram Youtube Jki-discord Notes & Illustrations Quizzes Summary & Transcript Notes ☆ Member Only Go to PDF Notes Illustrations ☆ Member Only Go to Illustrations 12345678910 Ureter Urinary Bladder and Urethra – QUIZ Test your understanding with 10 random multiple-choice questions from the question bank. You're in the preview mode. Note: All elements work correctly on the front end. 1 / 10 Which muscle layer forms the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder? A) Tela submucosa B) Tunica adventitia C) Tunica mucosa D) Tunica muscularis The tunica muscularis, consisting of three muscle layers, forms the detrusor muscle. 2 / 10 What is the function of umbrella cells in the urinary bladder? A) Regulate urine pH B) Transport urine C) Allow stretching of bladder D) Produce mucous Umbrella cells are specialized for stretching and protecting the bladder lining. 3 / 10 What prevents backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters? A) Detrusor muscle contraction B) Oblique entry of ureters C) Transitional epithelium D) Urethral sphincters The oblique entry of the ureters into the bladder and the ureteric orifices prevent backflow. 4 / 10 Which structure forms the base of the urinary bladder? A) Apex of bladder B) Trigone of bladder C) Vesical crest D) Fundus of bladder The trigone of the bladder forms its base, bordered by the ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice. 5 / 10 Which part of the urinary bladder contains no folds in the mucosa? A) Apex of bladder B) Body of bladder C) Fundus of bladder D) Trigone of bladder The trigone of the bladder has no folds in the mucosa. 6 / 10 Which layer of the ureter wall provides structural support? A) Tunica mucosa B) Tunica adventitia C) Tela submucosa D) Tunica muscularis The tunica adventitia provides structural support to the ureter wall. 7 / 10 Which part of the male urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum? A) Urethral crest B) Spongy urethra C) Membranous urethra D) Prostatic urethra The spongy urethra runs through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. 8 / 10 Which structure in the male urethra contains openings for the ejaculatory ducts? A) Spongy urethra B) Membranous urethra C) Prostatic urethra D) Urethral crest The prostatic urethra contains the openings of the ejaculatory ducts. 9 / 10 What forms the internal urethral sphincter? A) Lamina propria B) Submucosa of urethra C) Middle circular muscle fibers D) Outer longitudinal muscle fibers The internal urethral sphincter is formed by the middle circular layer of the tunica muscularis. 10 / 10 Where is the ureter’s upper narrowing located? A) Intramural part B) Junction with renal pelvis C) At the line terminalis D) At the ureteric orifice The ureter’s upper narrowing is at the junction with the renal pelvis. Your score is The average score is 0% Description Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Male/Female Urethra This video covers the anatomy and function of the ureter, urinary bladder, and male and female urethra, including their structures, layers, and clinical significance. PS! At 6:23, I incorrectly stated that the Median Umbilical Ligament is a remnant of the umbilical arteries. It is, in fact, a remnant of the fetal urachus. 1. Ureter Function: Transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder via peristaltic movement. Course of the Ureter: Enters the lesser pelvis and crosses structures: In Males: Crosses the ductus deferens. In Females: Passes between the broad ligament (Ligamentum Latum Uteri) and the cardinal ligament (Ligamentum Cardinale Uretri). Opens into the bladder as the ureteric orifices (Ostium Ureteris). Parts of the Ureter: Abdominal Part (Pars Abdominalis). Pelvic Part (Pars Pelvica). Intramural Part (Pars Intramuralis). Diameter: 7-8 mm. Narrowings of the Ureter: Upper: Junction with the renal pelvis. Middle: Line terminalis. Lower: Intramural part. Layers of the Ureter Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Inner lining. Muscularis: Lower 1/3: Three muscle layers (inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal). Upper 2/3: Two muscle layers (inner longitudinal, outer circular). Tunica Adventitia: Outer connective tissue. 2. Urinary Bladder (Vesica Urinaria) Function: Stores 250-500 ml of urine. Location: Empty bladder lies behind the pubic symphysis; a full bladder extends above it. Parts of the Bladder: Apex of Bladder (Apex Vesicae). Body of Bladder (Corpus Vesicae). Fundus of Bladder (Fundus Vesicae). Trigone of Bladder (Trigonum Vesicae). Right and Left Ureteric Orifices (Ostium Ureteris Dextrum et Sinistrum). Internal Urethral Orifice (Ostium Urethrae Internum). Interureteric Crest (Plicae Interureterica). Layers of the Bladder Wall: Tunica Mucosa: Lined with transitional epithelium. Tela Submucosa: Loose connective tissue; no folds in the trigone. Tunica Muscularis (Detrusor Muscle): Inner longitudinal layer. Middle circular layer (forms the internal urethral sphincter). Outer longitudinal layer. Tunica Adventitia or Serosa: Adventitia if facing the pelvis. Serosa if facing the peritoneum. 3. Male Urethra (Urethra Masculina) Length: ~18-20 cm. Parts of the Male Urethra: Prostatic Urethra (Pars Prostatica): Contains the urethral crest, seminal colliculus, and prostatic utricle. Receives openings of ejaculatory and prostatic ducts. Membranous Urethra (Pars Membranacea): Between the prostate and the bulb of the penis. Surrounded by the external urethral sphincter. Spongy Urethra (Pars Spongiosa): Located inside the corpus spongiosum. Receives the duct of the bulbourethral gland. Narrowings of the Male Urethra: Internal Urethral Orifice. Membranous Part. External Urethral Orifice. Enlargements of the Male Urethra: Prostatic Urethra. Spongy Urethra. Navicular Fossa. 4. Female Urethra (Urethra Femina) Length: ~4 cm. Location: Opens posterior to the clitoral glans. Walls of the Female Urethra: Tunica Mucosa: Contains urethral lacunae. Tunica Muscularis: Internal Urethral Sphincter. External Urethral Sphincter. 5. Clinical Relevance Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): Commonly lodged at ureter narrowings. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): More common in females due to shorter urethra. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Can obstruct the prostatic urethra, causing urinary retention. Sources: Biorender. University notes and lectures. Transcript Introduction0:01[Music]0:04what’s up0:04mediterra here let’s talk about the0:06anatomy of the urinary system0:07in this segment we will be talking about0:09the anatomy of the ureter the urinary0:11bladder and the urethra in both male and0:13female0:14so the urinary system consists of all0:16the organs involved in handling the0:18urine0:19and these are the kidneys the ureter