The iliac arteries originate from the abdominal aorta at L4, dividing into the common iliac arteries, which further split into the external iliac artery (supplying the lower limb) and the internal iliac artery (supplying the pelvis and perineum). Notable branches include the iliolumbar, obturator, superior gluteal, and internal pudendal arteries, forming critical anastomoses and ensuring blood supply to key regions.