Lower Limb Joints

📅 Last Updated: 05.05.2026
🔄 Version: 1.0

This PDF covers the joints of the lower limb, including the pelvic girdle joints (sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis), hip joint, knee joint, tibiofibular joints, ankle joint, and joints of the foot. It explains joint types (synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous), articular surfaces, ligaments, menisci, and movements involved in stability and locomotion.

Detailed sections include the hip joint (ball-and-socket), knee joint (compound and complex with menisci and cruciate ligaments), tibiofibular connections (proximal joint, interosseous membrane, distal syndesmosis), and the ankle joint with medial and lateral ligament complexes. The foot joints are presented from proximal to distal, including subtalar, transverse tarsal (Chopart), tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc), metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, along with arches of the foot and their supporting structures.

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📖 Sources:

  • Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy (2nd ed.)
  • Standring, S. (2020). Gray’s Anatomy (42nd ed.)
  • Tubbs, R. S., Shoja, M. M., & Loukas, M. (2016). Bergman’s Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation
  • White, T. D., & Folkens, P. A. (2005). The Human Bone Manual